在英语里什么是倒装句
倒装句指为了强调、突出等目的而颠倒原有语序的句式。英语句子的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调句中的某一部分或其他原因，将谓语全部或部分移到主语的前面。根据其倒装形式可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Away they went.
倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
so, neither, nor作部分倒装
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。
注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。
注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例题：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
英语句子使用的目的，可分为四大类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。这四大类型句子都有可能出现倒装句。浅析如下：
一、疑问句中出现的倒装句
1. 特殊疑问句中
（1）What is this?（全倒装）
（2）Which do you want?（部分倒装）
2. 一般疑问句
（1）Do you study English every day?（部分倒装）
（2）May I come in?
（3）Are you going to be a teacher?
特殊疑问句中，如果疑问词做主语或疑问词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装，即用陈述语序。例如：Who did it yesterday? Which guy can do this work?
一般疑问句中，常把助动词或情态动词放在句首，即位于主语前，而构成部分倒装。
二、感叹句中出现倒装句
1. What引导的感叹句
（1）What a happy life we have had！(宾语在主语前面)
（2）What a fine day it is!（表语在主语前面）
（3）What a shining example Comrade Lei Feng has set us!
2. How引导的感叹句
（1）How happy we are!（表语在前面）
（2）How hard they are working!（状语在前面）
（3）How nice a day it is!
3. 副词引导词引导的感叹句
（1）There comes the bus!
（2）In come the students!
（3）Off goes the worker!
What或how 引导的句子，主谓也有不倒装的。
What所强调的重点是名词，这一名词一般是表语或宾语，有时所强调的名词可能是主语。例如：What enormous crowd came!（《当代英语语法》中册P87）。What也可单独使用。例句：What she suffered in the old days!（《英语分类句型》P90）
How修饰形容词、副词或动词。有时how many的搭配也可修饰名词。For how many years have I waited! 该短语作状语。（《当代英语语法》）
副词引导词位于句首，一方面为了强调，另一方面使情景生动。主语是名词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词，主谓不倒装。例如：Away he went to the station!
三、祈使句中出现的倒装
1. Long live the king! （《最新实用英汉辞典》P769）
2. Long live the People’s Republic of China!
3. May you succeed! 祝你成功！
Long may he live! 愿他长命百岁！（《英华大辞典》P780）
4. Don’t you open the door. Don’t anyone open the door.（《当代英语语法》中册P85）
祈使句一般无主语，有时也有主语出现。祈使句的主语要重读，代词也要重读（陈述句的主语一般不重读）。祈使句常用句号。表示一种强烈感情时，句子用感叹号。
四、陈述句中出现的几种倒装句
1. 主谓倒装
（1）Long long ago, there was a war between the birds and the beasts.
（2）Once upon a time there were six blind men in India.
（3）“Come along, then.” said the bird.
（4）...but toward the end there came the terrible storm...
2. 表语倒装
（1）Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man of great achievements.（全倒装句）
（2）Inside the pyramids are the rooms for the bodies of kings and queens.
（3）A very reliable person he is.（主语是人称代词时，主谓不倒装）（《英语分类句型》P400）
3. 宾语倒装
（1）Many happy hours she had spent planning for something nice for him.
（2）Twenty-one dollars they took for it.
（3）Not a single mistake did he make.
（4）Only a dictionary he never forgets to bring here.
宾语在前时，多数属于强调部分，句子一般不加助动词，偶尔也有助动词出现，如例句（3）。
五、复合句中的倒装
（1）I take back what I said.
（2）...and the ship would have sunk with all board had it not been for the captain.（要是没有那位船长，就会连船带人都沉没了。）
（3）Were I you，I would go with him.
（4）Proud as these nobles are，he is afraid to see me.
（5）Not only was everything that he had taken away from him，but also his German citizenship.
（6）Hardly (Scarcely)had he sat down when the telephone rang.
（7）The harder you work, the greater will be your achievement.
六、其他倒装
陈述句中为了保持句子平衡或为了强调表语、宾语、状语等成分，或使上下文紧密衔接时，使用倒装句。
（1）On the wall is a blackboard on which were written some words，“It is no use sitting here without listening to me.”（定语从句中，主语的同位语太长）
（2）They entered the classroom，in front of which sat a naughty boy.（使上下文紧密衔接）
（3）Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon by the foreigners.（主语加上定语后太长而表语短，所以表语在前面，强调句子平衡）
倒装句就是将正常的陈述语序加以变化，主要作用是强调被提前的部分
倒装句可分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种：
一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
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