定语从句和同位语从句的3个区别
同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分，也没有词汇含义，只起连接作用，其作用大致相当于一个冒号；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，且在句中充当句子的成分。
具体区别如下：
1、 被修饰的词不同：同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词；而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。
例子：
Word came that he had been abroad.（同位语从句）
这个消息传来，他在国外。
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.（定语从句）
队伍的取得胜利使我们高兴。
2. 从句的作用不同：同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容，而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。
例子：
The news that our team has won the game was true. （同位语从句）
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
The news that he told me yesterday was true.（定语从句）
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
3. 引导词不同：what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句，但可用于引导同位从句。
例子：
That question whether we need it has not been considered.（同位语从句）
我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。
The order hat we received yesterday was that we hould send a few people to help the other groups.（定语从句）
我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。
4. 引导词的作用不同：引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
例子：
The news that got around the town made people happy.（定语从句）
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴
The news that he came back made people happy.(同位语从句）
他回来的消息让人们感到很高兴。
5. 判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法：由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的，所它可以转换同位名词的表语；而定语从句则不能作这种转换。
例子：
At the first day, I booked a kind of magazine that Tom had recommended to me.（定语从句）
在第一天，我在读汤姆推荐我的杂志。
he fact can`t be accepted by the fans that we lost the swimming game .（同位语从句）
因为他放不下架子，所以我们输了游泳比赛。
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性?(同位语从句)
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题?(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了?(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study. 他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴?如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:
The order that we 焥hould send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?)
The order 焧hat we received yesterday was that we 焥hould send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?)
最后我们在一起来做三道练习题:
1. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.(2004上海春季高考)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
2. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春季高考)
A. as B. which
C. what D. that
3. Luckily,we'd brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way. (2004北京春季高考)
A. it B. that
C. this D. which
答案:1. B 2. B 3. D
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