人教 新目标英语 七下 语法归纳
七年级下册英语语法点总结(1)
七年级下册英语语法点总结(1)
分类：英语学习
Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?
一．短语：
1 ．be from = come from 来自于----
2． live in 居住在---
3． on weekends 在周末
4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人
5 ．in the world 在世界上 in China 在中国
6．pen pal 笔友 14 years old 14岁 favorite subject 最喜欢的科目
7．the United States 美国 the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽约
8．speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎
9．go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动
二．重点句式：
1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/
2 Where does he live?
3 What language(s) does he speak?
4 I want a pen pal in China.
5 I can speak English and a little French.
6 Please write and tell me about yourself.
7 Can you write to me soon?
8 I like going to the movies with my friends and playing sports.
三．本单元的国家，人民、语言对应。
1 Canada---- Canadian---- English / French
2 France------ French------French
3 Japan------Japanese----Japanese
4 Australia----Australian----- English
5 the United States------ American---- English
6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish
Unit 2 Where’s the post office?
一． Asking ways: (问路)
1． Where is (the nearest) ……？ （最近的）……在哪里？
2． Can you tell me the way to ……？ 你能告诉我去……的路吗？
3． How can I get to ……？ 我怎样到达……呢？
4． Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗？
5． Which is the way to ……？ 哪条是去……的路？
二．Showing the ways: （指路）
1. Go straight down / along this street. 沿着这条街一直走。
2. Turn left at the second turning. 在第二个路口向左转。
3. You will find it on your right. 你会在你右手边发现它。
4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远。
5. You’d better take a bus. 你最好坐公交车去。（You’d better+动词原形）
三．词组
1. across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面
2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the supermarket 紧靠超市
3. between……and…… 在……和……之间
between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间
among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间
4. in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of the classroom.
课室前面有棵树。
in the front of…… 在……（内）的前部 There is a desk in the front of the classroom.
课室内的前部有张桌子。
5. behind…… 在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面
6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐
on the left/right of…… 在某物的左/右边 on the left of our school 在我们学校的左边
on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my left 在我左边
7. go straight 一直走
8. down /along…… 沿着……（街道） down/along Center Street 沿着中央街
9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近
10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……
11. take /have a walk 散步
12. the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端
at the beginning of…… 在……的开始,前端
in the beginning 起初，一开始
13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心，过得愉快
我昨天玩得很开心。 I had fun yesterday.
I had a good time yesterday.
I enjoyed myself yesterday.
14. have a good trip 旅途愉快
15. take a taxi 坐出租车
16. 到达：get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家
arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing.
arrive at +小地方 I arrive at the bank.
reach +地方
17．go across 从物体表面横过 go across the street 横过马路
go through 从空间穿过 go through the forest 穿过树林
18．on + 街道的名称。 Eg: on Center Street
at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street
三．重难点解析
1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣，喜爱做某事
I enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书。
到目前为止，我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy，都是要带 doing.
I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子。
2．hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试。
hope +从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗。
（从句即是一个小句子，这个小句子又放在大句子中，从属于大句子，所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句，它又放在I hope 的后面，形成句中有句。）
3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子。
If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱，我就会去月球。
If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.
如果你饿了的话，你可以在超市买一些食物。
四．本单元的反义词、近义词配对
1new—old 2 quiet--- busy 3 dirty--- clean 4 big---- small
Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears?
一．重点词组
eat grass eat leaves be quiet very shy very smart very cute
play with her friends kind of South Africa other animals
at night in the day every day during the day
二. 交际用语
1. Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.
2. Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of interesting.
3. Where are lions from? They are from South Africa.
4. What other animals do you like?
I like dogs, too.
Why?
Because they’re friendly and clever.
5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.
6. She’s very shy.
7. He is from Australia.
8．He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.
9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.
10．Let’s see the pandas first.
11．They’re kind of interesting.
12．What other animals do you like?
13．Why do you want to see the lions?
三. 重点难点释义
1、kind of 有点，稍微
Koala bears are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞。
kind 还有“种类”的意思
如：各种各样的 all kinds of
We have all kinds of beautiful flowers in our school.
2、China n. 中国 Africa n. 非洲
China 和Africa都是专有名词，首字母都应该大写，而且和介词in连用。
There are many kinds of tigers in China.
There are many kinds of scary animals in Africa.
3、friendly adj. 友好的，和蔼可亲的
它是名词friend的形容词形式，常常和be动词连用, be friendly。
The people in Chengdu are very friendly.
4、with prep. 跟，同，和…在一起
I usually play chess with my father.
注意区别与and的用法，and通常用于连接主语或宾语，连接主语时，
如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后，如：
My father and I usually play chess together.
Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”
I often play with my pet dog.
Don’t play with water!
5、day和night 是一对反义词，day 表示白天或一天，night表示夜或夜晚。
通常说in the day, during the day, at night。
Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at night.
6、leaf n. 叶子
复数形式为：leaves, 类似的变化还有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves,
knife—knives等。
7、hour n. 小时；点钟
hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”， 即：an hour。
There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.
8、be from 来自…
be from = come from
Pandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.
9、meat n. （食用的）肉，为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修
饰，即：much meat
He eats much meat every day.
10、grass n. 草，为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修饰，即：much grass。
There is much grass on the playground.
四. 语法知识
特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how many”等开头，对某一具体问题进行提问。
特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况：
1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如：
What’s your grandfather’s telephone number? 你爷爷的电话号码是多少？
Who is that boy with big eyes? 那个大眼睛的男孩是谁？
Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节？
When is he going to play the piano? 他什么时候弹钢琴？
Where does he live? 他住在哪儿？
How are you? 你好吗？
How old are you? 你多大了？
How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹？
2. 疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如：
Who is on duty today?
今天谁值日？
Which man is your teacher?
哪位男士是你的老师？
我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他？也是特殊疑问句，它是一种省略结构。
例如：
I like English. What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢？
What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样？
Unit 4 I want to be an actor.
一．短语：
1 want to do sth 想要作某事
2 give sb sth = give sth to sb 给某人某物 / 把某物给某人
3 help sb do sth 帮助某人作某事 Eg: I want to help my mother do some housework at home.
4 help sb with sth 帮助某人谋事 Eg: I want to help my mother with some housework at home
5 in the day 在白天
6 at night 在晚上
7 talk with/ to sb 和----谈话
8 be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 Eg: He is busy listening to the teacher.
9 in a hospital 在医院l
10 work/ study hard 努力工作
11 Evening Newspaper 晚报
二．重点句式及注意事项：
1 询问职业的特殊疑问词是what；有三种主要句式
① What + is / are + sb?
② What + does/ do + sb + do?
③ What + is/ are + 名词所有格/ 形容词性物主代词 + job?
2 People give me their money or get their money from me.
3 Sometimes I work in the day and sometimes at night.
4 I like talking to people.
5 I work late. I’m very busy when people go out to dinners.
6 Where does your sister work?
7 then we have a job for you as a waiter.
8 Do you want to work for a magazine? Then come and work for us as a reporter.
9 Do you like to work evenings and weekends?
10 We are an international school for children of 5-12.
三． 本单元中的名词复数。
1 policeman--- policemen 2 woman doctor----- women doctors 3 thief-----thieves
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你好！
七年级英语（下）
Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from?
一．短语：
1 ．be from = come from 来自于---- 2． live in
居住在--- 3． on weekends 在周末
4 ．write to sb = write a letter to sb 给某人写信；写信给某人
5 ．in the world 在世界上 6.in China 在中国 7．pen pal 笔友
8. 14 years old 14岁 9.favorite subject
最喜欢的科目 10．the United States 美国
the United Kingdom 英国 New York 纽11．speak English 讲英语 like and dislike 爱憎
9．go to the movies 去看电影 play sports 做运动
二．重点句式：
1 Where’s your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal from/
2 Where does he live? 3 What language(s) does
he speak? 4 I want a pen pal in China.
5 I can speak English and a little
French. 6 Please write and tell me about yourself.
7 Can you write to me soon? 8 I like going to the
movies with my friends and playing sports.
三．本单元的国家，人民、语言对应。
1 Canada---- Canadian---- English /
French 2 France------
French------French
3
Japan------Japanese----Japanese 4 Australia----Australian----- English
5 the United States------ American---- English 6 the United Kingdom---British----- Enghish
Unit 2 Where’s the post office?
一． Asking ways: (问路)
1． Where is (the nearest)
……？ （最近的）……在哪里？
2． Can you tell me the way to
……？ 你能告诉我去……的路吗？
3． How can I get to
……？ 我怎样到达……呢？
4． Is there …… near here / in the neighborhood? 附近有……吗？
5． Which is the way to
……？ 哪条是去……的路？
二．Showing the ways: （指路）
1. Go straight down / along this
street. 沿着这条街一直走。
2. Turn left at the second
turning. 在第二个路口向左转。
3. You will find it on your
right. 你会在你右手边发现它。
4. It is about one hundred metres from here. 离这里大约一百米远。
5. You’d better take a
bus. 你最好坐公交车去。（You’d better+动词原形）
三．词组
1. across from …… 在……的对面 across from the bank 在银行的对面
2. next to…… 紧靠…… next to the
supermarket 紧靠超市
3. between……and…… 在……和……之间
between the park and the zoo 在公园和动物园之间
among 表示位于三者或三者以上之间
4. in front of…… 在……前面 There is a tree in front of
the classroom. 课室前面有棵树。
in the front of…… 在……（内）的前部 There is a desk in
the front of the classroom.
课室内的前部有张桌子。
5. behind……
在……后面 behind my house 在我家后面
6. turn left/ right 向左/右拐
on the left/right of……在某物的左/右边 on the
left of our school 在我们学校的左边
on one’s left/right 在某人的左/右边 on my
left在我左边
7. go straight 一直走
8. down /along……沿着……（街道 down/along Center Street 沿着中央街
9. in the neighborhood=near here 在附近 10 welcome to…… 欢迎来到……
11. take /have a walk
散步 12. the beginning of…… ……的开始,前端
at the beginning of……
在……的开始,前端 in the beginning
起初，一开始
13. have fun=have a good time=enjoy oneself 玩得开心，过得愉快
我昨天玩得很开心。
I had fun yesterday. I had a
good time yesterday. I enjoyed myself
yesterday.
14. have a good trip 旅途愉快 15. take a taxi
坐出租车
16. 到达：get to +地方 get here/ there/ home 到这/那/家
arrive in +大地方 I arrive in Beijing. arrive at +小地方I arrive at the
bank. reach
+地方
17．go across 从物体表面横过 go across the
street横过马路
go through 从空间穿过 go
through the forest穿过树林
18．on +
街道的名称。 Eg: on
Center Street
at + 具体门牌号+街道的名称 Eg: at 6 Center Street
三．重难点解析
1．enjoy doing sth 享受做某事的乐趣，喜爱做某事 I
enjoy reading. 我喜爱读书。
到目前为止，我们学了两个特殊的动词finish和enjoy，都是要带 doing.
I finish cleaning the room. 我扫完了这间屋子。
2．hope to do sth 希望做某事 I hope to pass this exam. 我希望通过这次考试。
hope
+从句 I hope tomorrow will be fine. 我希望明天将会晴朗。
（从句即是一个小句子，这个小句子又放在大句子中，从属于大句子，所以叫从句。如tomorrow will be fine是一个从句，它又放在I hope
的后面，形成句中有句。）
3. if 引导一个表示假设的句子。
If I have much money, I will go to the moon. 如果我有许多钱，我就会去月球。
If you are hungry, you can buy some food in the supermarket.
如果你饿了的话，你可以在超市买一些食物。
四．本单元的反义词、近义词配对
1、new—old 2、 quiet--- busy 3 、dirty---
clean 4 、big---- small
Unit 3 Why do you like koala bears?
一．重点词组
eat grass eat
leaves be quiet very shy very smart very
cute
play with her friends kind of South Africa other
animals
at night in the day every day
during the day
二. 交际用语
1. Why do you like pandas? Because they’re very clever.
2. Why does he like koalas? Because they’re kind of
interesting.
3. Where are lions from? They are from South
Africa.
4. What other animals do you like? I like dogs, too. Why? Because
they’re friendly and clever.
5. Molly likes to play with her friends and eat grass.
6. She’s very
shy. 7. He is from Australia.
8．He sleeps during the day, but at night he gets up and eats leaves.
9．He usually sleeps and relaxes 20 hours every day.
10．Let’s see the pandas
first. 11．They’re kind of
interesting.
12．What other animals do you like? 13．Why do you want
to see the lions?
三. 重点难点释义
1、kind of 有点，稍微 Koala bears
are kind of shy. 考拉有点害羞。
kind 还有“种类”的意思
如：各种各样的 all kinds of We have all kinds of beautiful flowers
in our school.
2、China n. 中国 Africa n. 非洲
China 和Africa都是专有名词，首字母都应该大写，而且和介词in连用。
There are many kinds of tigers in China. There are many kinds of scary
animals in Africa.
3、friendly adj. 友好的，和蔼可亲的
它是名词friend的形容词形式，常常和be动词连用, be friendly。
The people in Chengdu are very friendly.
4、with prep. 跟，同，和…在一起
I usually play chess with my father.
注意区别与and的用法，and通常用于连接主语或宾语，连接主语时，
如果有I, I通常放在 and 之后，如：
My father and I usually play chess together.
Play with “和…一起玩耍”“玩…”
I often play with my pet
dog. Don’t play with
water!
5、day和night 是一对反义词，day 表示白天或一天，night表示夜或夜晚。
通常说in the day, during the day, at night。
Koala bears often sleep during the day and eat leaves at
night.
6、leaf n. 叶子
复数形式为：leaves, 类似的变化还有：wife—wives, wolf—wolves,
knife—knives，scarf---scarfs(scarves)等。
7、hour n. 小时；点钟 hour前边通常加上冠词an 表示“一个小时”， 即：an hour。
There are 24 hours in a day and 60minutes in an hour.
8、be from 来自… be from =
come from
Pandas are from China. = Pandas come form China.
9、meat n. （食用的）肉，为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修饰，即：much
meat He eats much meat every day.
10、grass n. 草， 为不可数名词，表示“许多”时，使用much来修饰，即：much grass。
There is much grass on the playground.
四. 语法知识
特殊疑问句通常以“what”、“who”、“which”、“when”、“where”、“how”、“how old”、“how
many”等开头，对某一具体问题进行提问。
特殊疑问句的基本构成有两种情况：
1. 疑问句+一般疑问句结构。这是最常见的情况。例如：
What’s your grandfather’s telephone number?你爷爷的电话号码是多少？
Who is that boy with big eyes?那个大眼睛的男孩是谁？
Which season do you like best? 你最喜欢哪个季节？
When is he going to play the piano?他什么时候弹钢琴？
Where does he live?他住在哪儿？
How are you? 你好吗？ How old are you?你多大了？
How many brothers and sisters do you have? 你有几个兄弟姐妹？
2. 疑问句+陈述句结构。这时疑问词作主语或修饰主语。例如：
Who is on duty today? 今天谁值日？
Which man is your teacher? 哪位男士是你的老师？
我们学过的What/How about+名词/代词+其他？也是特殊疑问句，它是一种省略结构。
例如：
I like English. What/How about you? 我喜欢英语。你呢？
What about playing basketball? 打篮球怎么样？
字数不允许，无法发完语法
语言意义上一致：当主语在形式上是单数，意义上是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式；当主语在形式上是复数而意义上是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
一。 集体名词，如：family，team，class等作主语时，如果作为一个单位（整体）看待，谓语动词用单数形式；如果作为整体中的各个成员看待时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
一、概念不同：
一般现在时表示主语经常性和习惯性的动作或存在的状态，也表示说话者的能力及自然现象。而现在进行时表示说话时（瞬间）正在进行的动作，也表示目前或现阶段一直进行的动作。如：
She often does her homework in the evening. 她经常在晚上做作业。
She is doing her homework now. 现在她正在做作业。
二、在构成方式上的不同：
一般现在时中谓语动词的构成有以下三种情况：
①be动词的一般现在时形式：am，is，are.
②动词have的一般现在时形式：have，has.
③其他行为动词的一般现在时形式有动词原形或第三人称单数形式。
而现在进行时中谓语动词的构成是：am/is/are+动词的-ing形式（现在分词）。
三、时间状语不同：
一般现在时的时间状语主要有：always，usually，often，sometimes，never，every day，on Sundays，in the morning/afternoon/evening等；
现在进行时的时间状语主要有：now，these days，this week，at the moment等，有时句首有“Look！”、“Listen！”或“It’s+时刻”等词、句存在。如：
We play football in the afternoon.我们在下午踢足球。（一般现在时）
My mother is reading a newspaper now. 我妈妈正在看报纸。（现在进行时）
四、感情色彩不同：
一般现在时往往不带任何感情色彩，语气比较肯定。现在进行时常带有一定的感情色彩，并多与always， often等副词连用。如：
Mr. Li works hard in the factory. 李先生在工厂工作努力。（说明事实，语气比较肯定）
Mr. Li is always working hard in the factory.李先生在工厂工作一直很努力。（表示赞扬）
五、用语范围不同：
某种表示情感、意识（如want，like，know等）；表示“有”的have等动词，一般不用于现在进行时，但可用于一般现在时。如：
我现在就想回家。
误：I am wanting to go home now.
正：I want to go home now.
他有一台电脑。
误：He is having a computer.
正：He has a computer.
六、时间范围不同：
这两种时态所表示的时间范围都可能有“过去——现在——将来”的意味，但相对而言，一般现在时持续的时间较长，甚至无限。而现在进行时持续的时间较短，可能片刻完成。如：
She comes from Shanghai. 她是上海人。
She is coming from Shanghai.她正从（或即将从）上海来
My family is a small one， but my family all like watching football matches.
（前者指“家庭”，后者指“家人”）
二。 表示总称意义的名词，如people，police等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
Of all things， people are the most important.
三。 “百分数词/分数词 + of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但“百分数词 / 分数词 + of + 不可数名词/单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
2/3 of the workers are from Japan.
40 percent of my homework has been finished.
四。 表示“金钱、时间、距离、重量”等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
100 years is not long.
五。 all作主语，如果指代人或可数名词含有复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指代抽象性事物时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
All are here. 大家都在这儿。
All is going on well. 一切进展顺利。
六。 “none of + 不可数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式，“none + of 复数代词/ 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如：
None of the food was wasted.
None of us knows / know how to work out the problem.
七。 Chinese， Japanese， deer， sheep等单、复数同形的名词作主语时，它们自身在句中的意义决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。如：
Chinese is one of the eight subjects we must study at school.（Chinese指语言）
These five Chinese are studying English in London.（Chinese指中国人）
语法形式上一致：是指谓语动词与主语的人称和数保持一致。
一、each，another，the other，either，someone，somebody，everyone，everybody，anyone，anybody，something，anything，nothing，no one等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如：
Someone is asking for you.
二、“each/ every + 单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Each student has an English-Chinese dictionary.
三、非谓语动词（短语）、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
To learn English well is not easy.
When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown.
四、“one and a half + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
One and a half years has passed.
五、and连接的两个单数名词，前面如有each，every，any，no等修饰时，谓语用单数形式。如：
No teacher and no student is reading.
六。 both，all，few，several，many等修饰可数名词的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
All his friends have come.
就近原则：是指谓语的单复数形式应跟最靠近谓语动词的那个主语的单复数形式相一致。
一、“there be句型”中。如：
There is a boy and three girls in that room.
There are four deer and one bear in that zoo.
二、由“or，either…or…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…”；连接两个并列主语。如：
Either you or I am going there
“be＋过去分词”这个结构既可能是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。二者形式相同，但意义不一样。被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的承受者；系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。我们可以根据以下几点来区别这样的结构到底是被动语态，还是系表结构。
一、根据句中有无by引导的短语
被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，动作的执行者常用by引导的短语来表示。因此，如果句中有“be＋过去分词＋by短语”结构，通常就是被动语态。试比较：
The window was closed by my mother. （被动语态）
The window was closed. （系表结构）
二、根据句子的时态
被动语态有多种时态，可用于一般时、将来时、进行时和完成时。而系表结构只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。像下面几个句子，只能是被动语态，而不可能是系表结构。
New products are being made. 新产品正在制造中。
The book has already been translated into many languages.
这本书已被译成多种语言。
The meeting will be put off. 会议将延期。
三、根据句子状语
若“be＋过去分词”结构是一般现在时或一般过去时，我们可以根据句子的状语来区别是被动语态还是系表结构。
1. “be＋过去分词”结构是一般现在时，且句子中有always, usually, often等频度副词说明动作反复发生，则为被动语态。例如：
The shop is usually opened at eight.
商店通常八点钟开门。
2. 当“be＋过去分词”结构是一般过去时，且句中有表示时间、地点、方式的状语，多为被动语态。例如：
The factory was built in 1980’s.
这家工厂是二十世纪八十年代建的。
四、根据谓语动词
不是所有的过去分词都可以作表语，来表示主语所处的状态。只有一部分可以这样用。常见的能这样用的过去分词有：covered, broken, married等。例如：
The glass is broken. 那个杯子坏了。
She got married. 她结婚了
▲引导状语从句的连接词
1. 引导时间状语从句的连词主要有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/ until, as soon as等。如：
When I got home, he was having supper.
2. 引导原因状语从句的连词有because, since, as, for等。如：
I missed the train because I got up late.
3. 引导结果状语从句的连词主要有so/ such...that..., so that等。如：
She is so short that she can’t reach the buttons of the lift.
4. 引导让步状语从句的连接词有though, although, even if, even though, however/ no matter how, whatever/ no matter what等。如：
Although it’s raining, they are still working in the field.
5. 引导条件状语从句的连接词有if, unless, as long as等。如：
You won’t pass the exam unless you work hard on it.
▲引导宾语从句的连接词
一般来说，宾语从句的引导词是根据从句的原句句式而定：原句是陈述句时，用引导词that；原句是一般疑问句时，引导词用if或whether；原句是特殊疑问句时，引导词用原疑问词。如：
I am glad（that）you’ve passed the exam.
I don’t know if/ whether it will rain tomorrow.
I wonder where he got so much money.
〔热点二〕对主、从句时态呼应的考查
▲状语从句的时态
以when, as soon as, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句，当主句用一般将来时，从句要用一般将在时表示将来。如：
I’ll tell you as soon as he comes back tomorrow.
▲宾语从句的时态
1. 宾语从句的时态要和主句时态相呼应。当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，宾语从句也要用相应的过去时态（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时）。如：
Li Lei told me that he was getting ready for the exam these days.
2. 若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句可根据情况选用恰当的时态。如：
The radio reports that it’s going to rain this afternoon.
3. 若从句表示自然现象或客观真理时，其时态常用一般现在时，而不受主句限制。如：
Yesterday Tom said that the earth goes round the sun.
〔热点三〕对复合句简化的考查
▲含有状语从句的复合句转化为简单句
so...that...引导的结果状语从句有两种情况：1）表示肯定的结果，可与“enough to”结构互换；2）表示否定的结果，它既可以与“too...to”结构互换，也可以改为“not + adj./ adv. + enough to”。如：
The room is so large that it can hold 1,000 people. →The room is large enough to hold 1,000 people.
▲含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句
1. 主句谓语动词为hope, wish, agree, decide, choose等，其后带（that）宾语从句，若主从句主语一致时，从句可以简化成不定式结构。如：
He decides that he will visit our school.→He decides to visit our school.
2. 主句的谓语动词为感官动词see, hear, watch或find等时，宾语从句常简化成“感官动词find＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，此时宾语由从句的主语转化而来，而宾语补足语多为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：
I saw that some children were playing in the park.→I saw some children playing in the park.
3. 由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，当主从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化成“疑问词＋不定式”结构。如：
I don’t know how I can get there. →I don’t know how to get there.
〔热点四〕对两类从句综合起来考查
1. 从引导词看，if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether，意为“是否”；充当从属连词，引导条件状语从句时，意为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”；充当从属连词，引导时间状语从句时，意为“当……的时候”。
2. 从时态看，if和when作连接词，引导宾语从句时，宾语从句中和谓语动词的时态应根据主句的谓语动词的时态作相应的变化；if和when充当从属连词，引导表示将来动作或状态的条件状语从句或时间状语从句时，若主句中的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句中的谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来。
1. 作主语
作主语的不定式如果很短，通常位于句首，如：To see is to believe.若不定式（短语）较长时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语（即动词不定式）放在后面，以避免头重脚轻。常见句型为：“It”s +名词（for + sb）+ to do sth“和”It“s +形容词（for / of + sb）+ to do sth”。注意：在这个句型结构中，若形容词表示与人有关的“赞美”或“批评”时用of，如kind，nice，good，clever，bad等；否则用for.如：
It“s easy for you to answer the question.
It“s very kind of you to help me.
2. 作表语
动词不定式可以作be，seem，appear等系动词的表语。如：
Her job is to take care of these children.
3. 作状语
动词不定式放在come，go，stop等动词后作目的状语；放在sorry，glad，surprised，pleased，angry等形容词后作原因状语；动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与副词too或enough连用。注意：too…to与so…that…和（not）…enough to…可以相互转换：如：
She is so weak that she can“t move the box.
=She is too weak to move the box.
=She is not strong enough to move the box.
4. 疑问词+不定式
疑问词+不定式=名词短语，可作主语、宾语或表语。注意：名词短语可以由名词从句转换而来；疑问代词what，which，whom可以作宾语，疑问副词how，when，where，whether不能作宾语。如：
I didn“t know what I should do. = I didn”t know wheat to do.
I didn“t know how I should do it. = I didn”t know how to do it.
5. 几种不带to的动词不定式句式
had better…， Why not…？ Will / Would you please…？等句型后接不带to的不定式。如：
You had better stay at home.
Why not see a doctor？
现在进行时表示某人正在做某事，它不仅有肯定式、否定式和一般疑问式，还有特殊疑问式。从陈述句变成疑问句可以从以下几个方面进行提问：
「对主语提问」
首先要看清楚句子的主语是表示人的词还是表示事物的词。如果主语是表示人的词，将该主语改为who；如果主语是表示事物的词，则改为what.例如：
①Wang Ping is playing football in the park now.
→Who is playing football in the park now？
②The horse is running fast.
→What is running fast？
「对句子的谓语提问」
现在进行时的谓语由is，am或are加动词的-ing形式构成。对句子的谓语部分进行提问，要使用疑问词 what，然后将原句的谓语动词改为 doing，最后可别忘了将原来的宾语去掉。例如：
Wang Ping is playing football in the park now.
→What is Wang Ping doing in the park now？
「对句子的宾语进行提问」
如果宾语是表示人的词，用whom提问；如果宾语是表示事物的词，用what提问，将whom或what 放在句首。例如：
①Wang Ping is playing football in the park now.
→What is Wang Ping doing in the park now？
②Tom is helping John over there.
→Whom is Tom helping over there？
「对句子的状语进行提问」
首先要弄清楚句子的状语是作什么用的。一般来说，表示时间的状语用when提问；表示地点的状语用where提问；表示做事方式的状语用how提问。例如：
①Wang Ping is playing football in the park now.
→When is Wang Ping playing football in the park？
②Wang Ping is playing football in the park now.
→Where is Wang Ping playing football now？
③They are working hard in the fields.
→How are they working in the fields？
1.先行词表示时间、地点、原因，但关系词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语时，应用关系代词that或which.如：
I’ll never forget 1976 that / which was full of sadness.
（作主语）
我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。
I regret the days （that/which） I wasted in the woods.
（作宾语）
我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。
This is the factory that/which produces cars. （作主语）
这就是那个生产小汽车的工厂。
This is the factory （that/which） he visited yesterday.
（作宾语）
这就是他昨天参观的工厂。
This is the reason that/which is unreasonable. （作主语）
这是一个没道理的理由。
This is the reason （that/which） he raised. （作宾语）
这是他提出的理由。
2. 关系副词有时相当于 “适当的介词+关系代词”。如：
① where=in/on which
This is the room where / in which he lives.
这就是他住的房间。
I can see the desk where / on which there is a book.
我能看见上面有一本书的那张桌子。
② when= on/in/at which
I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一年。
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。
I still remember the date when/at which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那个日子。
③ why=for which
This is the reason why / for which he was killed.
这是他被杀害的原因。
3. 当先行词为time表示 “次数”时，常用关系词that或省去关系词，而不用when来引导定语从句。如：
This is the first/last time that I shall give you a lesson.
这是我第一次/最后一次给你们上课。
4. 当point，situation等词作先行词表抽象的地点，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在定语从句中作地点状语。
Can you think out a situation where this word can be used？ 你能设想这个单词被使用的场合吗？
Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. 她的病发展到没人能治的地步
一. 词汇
⑴ 单词
1. 介词：in, on, under, behind, near, at, of
1). in表示"在……中"， "在……内"。例如：
in our class 在我们班上
in my bag 在我的书包里
in the desk 在桌子里
in the classroom 在教室里
2). on 表示"在……上"。例如：
on the wall 在墙上
on the desk 在桌子上
on the blackboard 在黑板上
3). under表示"在……下"。例如：
under the tree 在树下
under the chair 在椅子下
under the bed 在床下
4). behind表示"在……后面"。例如：
behind the door 在门后
behind the tree 在树后
5). near表示"在……附近"。例如：
near the teacher's desk 在讲桌附近
near the bed 在床附近
6). at表示"在……处"。例如：
at school 在学校
at home 在家
at the door 在门口
7). of 表示"……的"。例如：
a picture of our classroom 我们教室的一幅画
a map of China 一张中国地图
2. 冠词 a / an / the:
冠词一般位于所限定的名词前，用来署名名词所指的人或事物。冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种。不定冠词有两个形式，即a和an。a用在以辅音音素开头的词前，如a book; an用在以元音音素开头的字母前，如an apple.
a或an与可数名词单数连用，泛指某类人或某物中的一个。
This is a cat.
这是一只猫。
It's an English book.
这是一本英语书。
His father is a worker.
他的爸爸是个工人。
the既可以用在可数名词前，也可以用在不可数名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或事物，也可以指上文提到过的人或事物。
Who's the boy in the hat?
戴帽子的男孩是谁呀？
------ What can you see in the classroom?
------ I can see a bag.
------ Where's the bag?
------ It's on the desk.
------- 你能在教室里看到什么呀？
------ 我能看见一个书包。
------ 书包在哪呀？
------ 在桌子上。
3.some和any
①在肯定句中用some.例如：
There are some books on the desk.桌子上有一些书。
Lucy has some good books露西有一些好书。
②在疑问句和否定句中用any。例如：
Is there any ink in your pen?你的钢笔里有墨水吗？
Do you have any brothers and sisters?你有兄弟姐妹吗？
There isn't any water in the glass.杯子里没有水。
⑵记住它们的特殊用法。
①some亦可用于表示盼望得到对方肯定的答复或表示建议、委婉请求的疑问句中，这一点我们不久就会学到。例如：
Would you like to have some apples?你想吃苹果吗？
②any也可用于肯定句中，表示"任何的"。例如：
Any one of us can do this.我们当中任何一个都能做这个。
some 和any的用法是经常出现的考点，希望大家能准确地掌握它们的用法。
4.family
family看作为一个整体时，意思是"家庭"，后面的谓语动词be用单数形式 is ；如把family看作为家庭成员时，应理解为复数，后面的谓语动词be应用are。
My family is a big family. 我的家庭是个大家庭。
My family are all at home now. 我的家人现在都在家。
Family强调由家人组成的一个集体或强调这个集体中的成员。home指个人出生、被抚养长大的环境和居住地点。 house指"家"、"房屋"，侧重居住的建筑本身。
His family are all workers. 他的家人都是工人。
My home is in Beijing. 我的家在北京。
He isn't at home now. 他现在不在家。
It's a picture of my family. 这是一张我全家的照片。
5. little的用法
a little dog 一只小狗，a little boy 一个小男孩。little常用来修饰有生命的名词。
*但little还可表示否定意义，意为"少的"，加不可数名词。
There is little time. 几乎没时间了。
There is little water in the cup. 杯中水很少。
⑵ 词组
on the desk 在桌子上
behind the chair 在椅子后
under the chair 在椅子下面
in her pencil-box 在她的铅笔盒中
near the door 在门附近
a picture of a classroom 一个教室的图片
look at the picture 看这张图片
the teacher's desk 讲桌
a map of China 一张中国地图
family tree 家谱
have a seat 坐下，就坐
this way 这边走
二. 日常用语
1. Come and meet my family.
2. Go and see. I think it's Li Lei.
3. Glad to meet you.
4. What can you see in the picture?
I can see a clock / some books.
5. Can you see an orange?
Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
6. Where's Shenzhen?
It's near Hong Kong.
7. Let me see.（口语）让我想想看。
see 在这是"明白、懂了"，不可译作"看见"。例如：
8. Please have a seat.
seat表示"座位"，是个名词。have a seat表示"就坐"，也可以说take a seat, 和sit down的意思相同。
三. 语法
1. 名词所有格
名词如要表示与后面名词的所有关系，通常用名词所有格的形式，意为"……的"。一般有以下几种形式：
（1）. 一般情况下在词尾加"'s"。例如：
Kate's father Kate的爸爸
my mother's friend 我妈妈的朋友
（2）. 如果复数名词以s结尾，只加"'"。例如：
Teachers' Day 教师节
The boys' game 男孩们的游戏
（3）. 如果复数名词不以s结尾，仍加"'s"。例如：
Children's Day 儿童节
Women's Day 妇女节
（4）. 表示两个或几个共有时，所有格应加在后一个名词上。例如：
Lucy and Lily's room Lucy 和Lily的房间
Kate and Jim's father Kate 和Jim的爸爸
动物和无生命事物的名词的所有格一般不在词尾加"'s"，而常常用介词of的短语来表示。
a map of China 一幅中国地图
the name of her cat 她的猫的名字
a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
the door of the bedroom 卧室的门
2. 祈使句
祈使句主要用来表示说话人的请求、命令、建议、叮嘱等意图。祈使句一般不用主语，读时用降调。为使语气委婉、礼貌，常在句首或句尾加please 。在句尾时，please前多用逗号。
（1）. 祈使句肯定形式的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
Go and see. 去看看。
Come in, please. 请进。
（2）. 祈使句的否定形式常用don't于句首。
Don't look at your books. 不要看书。
Don't play on the road. 不要在马路上玩。
3. There be 的句子结构
There be是一个"存在"句型，表示"有"的意思，
肯定句的形式为：There be + 名词（单数或复数）+地点状语或时间状语。
be动词单复数的确定，看be后边第一个名词，当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时，be动词形式为is；当所接主语为复数名词时，be动词为are；当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为"某地有某人或某物"。如：
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有两支钢笔和一块橡皮。
（1）there be的否定句，即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式为：There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语。
There is not any cat in the room. 房间里没猫。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上没书。
（2）there be句型的疑问句就是将be提到句首：Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语？肯定回答：Yes, there is / are. 否定回答：No, there isn't / aren't.
---Is there a dog in the picture? 画上有一只狗吗？
---Yes, there is. 有。
---Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗？
---No, there aren't. 没有。
（3）特殊疑问句：How many . . . are there (+地点状语)？"某地有多少人或物？"回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有时直接就用数字来回答。One. / Two . . .
---How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里有多少学生？
---There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一个。/有九个。
（4）如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语？
How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？
How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物？
我看了这个以后，英语考了96
