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作者&投稿:郅孔 (若有异议请与网页底部的电邮联系)
~ 分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习
问题描述:

奥运会历史

在人类历史发展的长河中,除了宗教这一古老的社会文化现象外,奥林匹克运动可以称得上是一个历史最为悠久的社会文化现象。奥林匹克运动的起源从有文字记载的历史可以追溯到公元前776年。但在此以前,古奥运会可能已经存在了几个世纪。奥林匹克运动会简称“奥运会”,是由国际奥林匹克委员会主办的世界性综合运动会。

奥林匹克运动会起源于古希腊,因举办地点在奥林匹克而得名。传说古代奥运会是由众神之王宙斯所创始的。第1届古代奥运会于公元前776年举行,到公元394年共举行了293届。运动会每隔1417天即4年举行一届。后来人们将这一周期称为奥林匹克周期。随着近代体育的兴起,希腊人民希望恢复古代奥运会。在1859――1889年,希腊曾举办过4届奥运会,做了初步尝试。自1883年开始,法国人顾拜旦致力于古代奥运会的复兴。经他与若干代人的努力,国际奥林匹克委员会于1894年6月23日成立。顾拜旦制订的第一部奥林匹克 *** 强调了奥林匹克运动的业余性,规定在奥运会上只授予优胜者荣誉奖,不得以任何形式发给运动员金钱或其他物质奖励。1896年4月6――15日,第一届奥林匹克运动会在雅典举行。

古代奥林匹克运动会基本上是每四年举行一次,这一周期被称为“奥林匹亚德”。按此周期算,则从公元前776年到公元394年间共应举办293届;但实际上召开的次数要少得多。不过,古代奥运会有规定,一个奥林匹亚德为一届,不管举行与否次数照算。

古奥运会初期,竞赛项目不多,所以前22届时间仅一天。后来随着比赛项目的增加,又延长为两天。从第37届增加少年比赛项目后,时间又延长到5天。其中第一天是开幕式,举行献祭和宣誓仪式,第二、三四天是比赛的具体内容,第五天是闭幕式,进行发奖和敬神活动。

目前奥运会的比赛项目有(未含冬奥会项目):田径、游泳(含跳水、水球、花样游泳)、射击、举重、自行车、射箭、篮球、排球、足球、手球、曲棍球、体操(含艺术体操)、击剑、国际式摔跤(自由式和古典式)、拳击、柔道、赛艇、皮艇和划艇、帆船(含帆板)、马术、现代五项、乒乓球、羽毛球、网球、棒球等。

现代奥林匹克运动不论从发展规模,还是从发展水平上来看,都已为举世所瞩目。奥林匹克精神得到了广泛传播。人们看到,作为一种文化现象,奥林匹克主义以竞技的形式,将不同肤色、不同文化背景的民族紧密联系在一起,对人类的社会活动,对人类的文明产生了深刻的影响。作为一种体育现象,奥运会是人类探索体能极限的最引人入胜的赛场,奥运会纪录、奖牌成为运动员追求的崇高目标,奥林匹克运动已成为参与国家和地区众多、具有巨大吸引力、穿透力和凝聚力的一项全球性活动。

1893年,根据“奥运之父”顾拜旦的建议,在巴黎举行了讨论复兴奥运会问题的国际性体育会议。1894年1月,顾拜旦草拟了复兴奥运会的具体步骤和需要探讨的10个问题,致函各国体育组织和团体。6月16日,"国际体育运动代表大会"在巴黎索邦神学院开幕,到会代表79人,代表着12个国家的49个体育组织。有2000人参加了开幕式。大会通过了《复兴奥林匹克运动》的决议。6月23日成立了国际奥林匹克委员会。国际奥林匹克委员会的成立,标志着奥林匹克运动的诞生。

解析:

The Olympic Games history in the human history development perpetual flow, besides the religious this ancient society culture phenomenon, the Olympics movement may call on is a historical most glorious society culture phenomenon. The Olympics movement origin from has the history which the writing records to be allowed to trace for 776 B.C.. But before this, the ancient Olympic Games already have possibly existed for several centuries. The Olympics games are called "the Olympic Games", is world prehensive games which sponsors by the International Olympic Committee. The Olympics games origin from ancient Greece, because of conducts the place to acquire fame at the Olympics. The fable ancient times the Olympic Games were initiate king of zeus by numerous gods. The 1st session of ancient times Olympic Games to 776 B.C. hold, have altogether been held 293 sessions to the A.D. 394 years. The games each 1,417 days namely 4 years is held a session. Afterwards the people were called this cycle the Olympics cycle. Along with modern sports starting, the Greek people hoped restored the ancient times Olympic Games. In 1,859 - 1889, Greece once has held 4 session of Olympic Games, has made the preliminary attempt. Started from 1883, French Gu Baidan devoted to the ancient times Olympic Games' revival. After him and certain generation of people's endeavor, the International Olympic Committee was founded to June 23, 1894. Gu Baidan draws up the first Olympics charter emphasized Olympics movement extra-curricular, stipulated only awards the winner at the Olympic Games the honor prize, does not have to issue the athlete by any form the money or other material rewards. In April, 1896 6 - 15th, the first session of Olympics games were held in Athens. Ancient times the Olympics games basically are every four years are held a time, this cycle is called "the Olympia Germany". Calculated according to this cycle, then altogether should conduct 293 sessions from 776 B.C. to the A.D. during 394 years; But convenes in fact the number of times must little many. But, ancient times the Olympic Games had the stipulation, an Olympia Germany was a session, no matter held or not the number of times according to calculate. The ancient Olympic Games initial period, the petition project are not many, therefore first 22 at the appointed time only one day. Afterwards along with event increase, also lengthens is o days. Increases the youth event after the 37th session, the time lengthens to 5 day. First day is the opening ceremony, the hold offers sacrifices and takes an oath the ceremony, second, 34 days are the petition concrete contents, fifth days are the closing ceremonies, carry on give out prize and make sacrifices to a god the activity. At present Olympic Games' event has (has not contained Winter Olympic Games project): The track and field, the swimming (contains diving, water polo, water ballet), the fire, the weight lifting, the bicycle, the archery, the basketball, the volleyball, the soccer, the handball, the hockey, gymnastics (contains artistic aerobatics), the fencing, international trips and falls (free style and ancient canonical expression), the boxing, the Judo, races boats, the kayak and the rowing, the sailing ship (contains windsurfboard), the horse-riding, the modern age five item, the ping pong, the badminton, the tennis, the baseball and so on. Modern Olympics movement no matter from development scale, or looked from the level of development, all focused attention on for the whole world. The Olympics spirit obtained the widespread dissemination. The people saw, took one kind of cultural phenomenon, the Olympics principle by athletics form, the different skin color, the different cultural context nationality closely relates in together, to humanity's social activity, has had the profound influence to humanity's civilization. As one kind of sports phenomenon, Olympic Games were the humanity explore the physical ability limit the most fascinating athletic field, the Olympic Games record, the medal bee the lofty goal which the athlete pursued, the Olympics movement have bee the participation country and the area are multitudinous, have the huge attraction, the perating power and a cohesive force global activity. In 1893, "father of according to the Olympic Games" Gu Baidan suggestion, held the discussion in Paris to revive the Olympic Games question the international sports conference. In January, 1894, Gu Baidan drafted revived 10 questions which the Olympic Games the concrete step and needed to discuss, sent a letter the various countries' sports anization and the association. On June 16, "international sports representative assembly" begins in the Paris rope nation theological school, to can represent 79 people, represents 12 national 49 individuals to nurture the anization. Some 2,000 people attended the opening ceremony. The congress passed "Revival Olympics Movement" resolution. On June 23 has established the International Olympic Committee. International Olympic Committee's establishment, symbolizes the Olympics movement birth.

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